Signals from other dimensions that black holes give off

Unraveling the properties and behavior of the universe in black holes, where space-time is roughly curved, presents us with unusual challenges. We are before the quantum aspects of gravity. In them we look for signs of other dimensions beyond the four that we perceive.

Why do we think they might exist?

The gravity, such a familiar force, turns out not to fit the classical formulas of known physics. We cannot explain why it is so much weaker than the other fundamental forces. Explain this rarity, the weakness of gravity, has led us to look for those signals from other dimensions. These extra dimensions could be affecting her and be the reason for her weakness. Thus, the jetsmatter ejected from black holes, can be the key to finding signs of the existence of these dimensions.

If we find evidence of exotic dimensions of space-time beyond the four that we perceive (three spatial and one temporal) we could characterize gravitation, understand it, and solve some of the deepest mysteries of science, among them, the expansion of the universe .

Very large or very small dimensions that expel black holes

If other dimensions exist, they should have no effect on our day-to-day lives. However, we handle theories in which the extra dimensions of space weather they are necessary to unify physics as we know it. string theory postulates the existence of at least 10 dimensions. The three known spatial dimensions, time and six others that are supposed to form a very very small or very very large space are assumed.

The extra dimensions could be so small (below the Planck scale at almost 10 ⁻ ³ ⁵ meters) that they are imperceptible with the precision achieved by current state-of-the-art experiments, such as those at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC, for its acronym in English). Or very large, in such a way that we would not have access because we are restricted to living in a four dimensional sheet within that universe of extra dimensions. It is in this last scenario that we have developed a model to look for the effects of extra dimensions on the jets emitted by black holes.

The jets emitted by black holes

An abundant number of black holes in the universe emit beams of relativistic matter, known as jets. The precision in the last two years with which the telescopes have recorded data on jets of black holes is amazing -For example, him james webb space telescopethe Event Horizon Telescope and the European Space Observatory.

With these data obtained, in a new theoretical proposal pending publication (already available at arXiv) we analyzed the possibility of the effects of extra dimensions in these jets of matter. As gravity is expected to occupy all the dimensions that exist, its effects could be observed in the jets. In this way, black hole beams become especially promising channels for detection.

Will these models be the key to dismiss or confirm the existence of extra dimensions of space-time?

Traces of other dimensions

In order to determine the effects of spacetime dimensions on black hole beams we must first build solutions to these models.

For this, we have created the first model to verify how the potential existence of extra dimensions would affect the beams of black holes that we currently observe. Would these extra dimensions, if they existed, affect the black hole’s rotation? Would they reduce its effectiveness in emitting energy beams?

Applying the model, we have found two distinctive effects. Regarding the rotation of the black hole, we find the same dependence as in 4D, and a lower efficiency in the energy flow. This means that as the energy beams emanating from rotating black holes propagate through the five space-time dimensions of the new model, their power still has the same dependence on the black hole’s rotation parameter as in four dimensions. Thus, this somewhat unexpected aspect of the solutions does not allow us to distinguish between four or five dimensions. It does not help us to prove the existence of extra dimensions.

Second most promising effect

The second effect is more promising. Considering the existence of other dimensions, there is a reduction in the efficiency of the hole to emanate energy beams. To answer the question, an additional difficulty must be added. The jets as they are currently known, they have a higher efficiency than expected according to the classic four-dimensional models.

This would seem to imply that extra dimensional models should be disregarded. However, there are still many parameters to contrast. In the years to come, the new telescopes that are currently collecting data will give us greater precision in characterizing the region of mass emission from black holes. We then hope to be able to really test the theoretical models of space-time dimensions that we have created.

Einstein proved the existence of black holes with mathematical formulas. So they were just fictitious solutions on paper. Decades later, we have been able to prove their existence even by photographing them. Similarly, theoretical models of one kind or another will serve to demonstrate the existence of other dimensions, or their non-existence. Perhaps one day we will find the first door to another dimension in the jet of a black hole.

Font: Maria Jose Rodriguez / THE CONVERSATION

Reference article: https://theconversation.com/signs-of-other-dimensions-in-the-matter-expelled-by-black-holes-185745