How the authenticity of paintings is verified

The art world is an area where history, creativity and economic value are intertwined. But alongside authentic masterpieces, fakes proliferate that defy even the most practiced eye. In this context, science and technology have emerged as key allies to verify the authenticity of pictorial paintings, solving enigmas and establishing hidden truths in canvases and pigments.

Why is it crucial to verify the authenticity of a painting?

Authenticating a work not only affects its economic value, but also preserves the cultural and historical legacy of the artists. Furthermore, art markets and cultural institutions face the constant challenge of avoiding fraud, which can involve large financial losses and the distortion of art history.

Scientific methods to authenticate paintings

1. Analysis of pigments and materials

The pigments and materials used by artists are like fingerprints that tell a story. Scientific techniques allow us to identify which substances are present and whether they correspond to the period and style of the painter.

• X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy: It identifies the chemical elements in the pigments without damaging the work, allowing you to know if anachronistic components were used.
• Electron microscopy: Examine layers of paint in detail to identify unusual application methods and pigments.

2. Dating of materials

The age of the materials used in a painting can help determine its authenticity.

• Radiocarbon (C-14): Useful for dating canvas or wood in works over 100 years old.
• Dendrochronological analysis: Examine growth rings on wood panels to determine their age and provenance.

3. Spectral images

Spectral images reveal what is invisible to the naked eye, providing information on underlying sketches, touch-ups and alterations.

• Infrared (IR): They allow you to observe preliminary drawings hidden under layers of paint.
• Ultraviolet (UV): Highlights restored or repainted areas by showing differences in the materials applied.
• Multispectral reflectography: It offers a complete vision of the different layers of the work.

4. Chemical analysis of binders

Binders, such as oils or resins, are analyzed to see if they match materials known from the painter’s period.

• Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS): Identify organic compounds, such as linseed oils or gums, used in the preparation of paint.

5. Crackle study

Crackling, or natural cracks in paint, act as a temporary “signature” of an authentic work. Crackling patterns depend on factors such as material aging, application techniques and storage conditions.

Advanced technology to solve art mysteries

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning

AI is used to analyze painterly patterns, brush strokes and specific techniques of artists. By comparing thousands of known works to the painting in question, algorithms can identify inconsistencies or confirm authenticity with great precision.

Computed Tomography (CT)

This technique allows you to create three-dimensional images of the inner layers of the painting, revealing structural details such as the assembly of the canvas or hidden modifications.

Raman spectroscopy

A non-invasive tool that identifies specific molecules in pigments, allowing the detection of counterfeits based on the use of modern materials.

Famous cases solved with science

1. “The Beautiful Princess” (Leonardo da Vinci): Using multispectral imaging and material analysis, it was confirmed that this work belonged to the Renaissance, supporting its attribution to Da Vinci.
2. Works by Van Gogh: The study of craquelure and pigments helped identify modern imitations of his landscapes.
3. The Pollock Collection: Forgeries were discovered by detecting pigments that did not exist during the artist’s lifetime.

Limitations

Although scientific tools are powerful, they are not infallible. The interpretation of the results requires multidisciplinary experience, combining scientific, historical and artistic knowledge. Furthermore, some modern counterfeits can be so sophisticated that they defy even the most advanced technology.